Account when the ancient Egyptians

Account when the ancient Egyptians

Ancient Egyptians devised a system of numbers to help them on their daily , as well as the tax system requires the presence of a system and account numbers , where the peasants give part of the annual crops of the Royal Palace and other parts of the temple and priests. And do not forget trade between the Pharaohs of Egypt traded with the surrounding country . Of those transactions , which started since the era of the first family with Palestine , Syria and Lebanon for timber , as well as with Iraq, and Nubia. And extended during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut , but also accepted to the country 's commercial campaigns girl at the Horn of Africa on the Red Sea . And barter were often paid in gold , which the Egyptians were digging him in Nubia and in the Sinai .
The writing and numeracy engaged in the temples . The profession by profession prestigious , and had grades begin Portrait simple ( cheese ) to the President of clerks and this was called the Prince of clerks ( Prince - cheese ), and superior mattresses book to the clerk of the royal court ( cheese - Nsat ) and was the highest ranking are arranged Prince clerks royal court ( Prince - shes - Nsat a ). The Prince of the royal court clerks at the same time as an engineer or a doctor , or both , and the parents are encouraging their children to education and professional career writer , as the writer does not undertake the cumbersome manual or physical carried out by the workers. It was an important writer even simple ones , for example , registration of the crop when farmers harvest crops , and record the number of cattle, sheep and livestock and birds, and calculate the percentage allocated to the palace on the basis of the Nile water level in that year.
And the number system invented by the ancient Egyptians had a decimal system . One was a symbol Police | ten NYSE

It is worth mentioning that the writer of the ancient Egyptian writing was holding by two-finger two and usually write from right to left , and he starts writing his letter , saying , "I write you Monday Basbaaa " .

Write four 4 Thus the :
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
..... {4}
And writes fifteen 15 thus :
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 V20
..... { 15 }
They write 231 thus :

..... { 231 }
To write the number 4622 on the line were Aketboh as follows : the big number on the left and a little to the right , with the knowledge that they were writing in the habit of right to left, as we are writing today. It was right for them , good and blessed call ( Ciment ) The left were do not like it and think it 's a place of evil spirits :
Z1 Z1 V20 V20 V1 V1 V1
V1 V1 V1 M12 M12 M12 M12
..... 4622

Fractions

Aasttaa ancient Egyptians that innovates combination of fractions of numbers , a method similar to our modern way where they used a mouth utters code ( Ra ) and wrote underneath figure crossing the fracture. For example, so they write numerical fracture 1 \ 3:
D21
Z1 Z1 Z1
\ frac {1} {3} =
They also used special symbols for some of the many small numbers to use, such as half 1 \ 2 and two-thirds 2 \ 3 and three -quarters of the 3 \ 4:
Aa13
\ frac {1} {2} =
D22
\ frac {2} {3} =
D23
\ frac {3} {4} =
In addition to these three fractures deals , under the ancient Egyptians rely mainly on the fracture in the Mini Body 1 \ x , where x can take the numbers 5 , 6, 7, ..... etc. , such as:
D21
Z1 Z1 V20 D21
Z1 Z1 Z1
\ frac {5} {12} = \ frac {1} {3} + \ frac {1} {12} =
Did not reach a shortcut , for example , ( 1 \ 5 + 1 \ 5 = 2 \ 5 ) , and type 2 \ 5 , but they Aketbo the adjacent n session :
D21
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 D21
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
\ frac {2} {5} = \ frac {1} {5} + \ frac {1} {5} =
Another example , three - fifths of example :
D21
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 D21
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 D21
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
\ frac {3} {5} =
They insisted on maintaining the image of the fraction 1 / Q , taking into account the write small numbers to the right of large numbers :

Fractures and the Eye of Horus Oudjat
Use ancient Egyptians Mkayela the measurement of cereals and pulses , this standard was called ( Hakaat ) hekat. And were divided Alhakat to the following sizes : 1 \ 2.1 \ 4.1 \ 8.1 \ 16.1 \ 32 , 1 \ 64 . And used in their writings symbols taken from parts of the code Eye of Horus , which was sacred to them, and they generally use the Eye of Horus for decoration in the form of necklaces , but more importantly in an arrow necklaces in the form of the Eye of Horus , which is called ( and GATT ) Ougat, which is for the prevention of envy and harmful organisms , and evil spirits .

A picture of the Eye of Horus and the details of their parts and the value of each part of the calculation
As the picture used by these parts of the Egyptian Eye of Horus to identify the quantities of cereals and pulses,
Was written , for example , the quantities of wheat , for example , as follows : Hakaat 1 \ 4 or Hakaat the

Combining the ancient Egyptians
The number system when the ancient Egyptians decimal system , but they did not come to zero. Was for ten code of its own , as well as the case of percent, and one thousand , and so on . But their system was easy operations of addition , subtraction , and devised ways to multiplication and division calculations . We will start by combining :
Example : We want to collect 2322 + 132 = 2454
Z1 Z1 V20 V20 V1 V1 V1 M12 M12
+
Z1 Z1 V20 V20 V20 V1
=
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 V20 V20 V20 V20 V20 V1 V1 V1 V1 M12 M12
The result, in the third line is the number 2454.

In the next episode
Will subtraction when ancients Abaan the
, Multiplication and division